Financial Inclusion, Literacy, and SME Resilience: Emotional Well-Being Mediation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47065/arbitrase.v7i1.3188Keywords:
financial literacy; financial inclusion; emotional well-being; financial resilience; MSMEsAbstract
MSMEs play a vital role in Ambon City's economy but remain vulnerable to financial instability due to limited financial knowledge, restricted access to formal financial services, and increasing operational challenges. This study investigates the effects of financial literacy and financial inclusion on MSME financial resilience, with emotional well-being as a mediating variable. A quantitative explanatory approach was employed using survey data from 71 MSME owners selected through purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using SEM-PLS with SmartPLS software. The results show that financial literacy positively affects emotional well-being (? = 0.423, p < 0.001) and financial resilience (? = 0.336, p = 0.008). Financial inclusion also positively influences emotional well-being (? = 0.322, p = 0.006), although its direct effect on financial resilience is insignificant (? = ?0.214, p = 0.069). Emotional well-being has the strongest positive effect on financial resilience (? = 0.633, p < 0.001). The model explains 45.2% of the variance in emotional well-being and 57.6% of the variance in financial resilience, highlighting the importance of psychological factors in strengthening MSMEs’ capacity to cope with financial challenges. This study extends Financial Capability Theory by demonstrating that financial capability enhances financial resilience through emotional well-being as a key psychological mechanism. It also strengthens the theory’s empirical validity by providing evidence from MSMEs in the archipelagic region of Eastern Indonesia, where limited financial access, high logistics costs, and greater economic vulnerability shape a distinct business environment.
Downloads
References
Abdallah, W., Harraf, A., Ghura, H., & Abrar, M. (2025). Financial literacy and small and medium enterprises performance: the moderating role of financial access. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 23(4), 1345 – 1364. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-06-2024-0337
Agarwal, N., Civil, J. J., Sharma, K., Kumar, P., & Agarwal, E. (2025). Capital Strategies for Startups and SMEs: Managing Finances in Uncertain Times. In Sustainable Business Strategies for Startups and SMEs. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105020775432&partnerID=40&md5=fd3dc3087326f417dc2e71ec9762f574
Ali, M. I., Idkhan, A. M., Kamin, Y., & Hasim, A. H. (2022). Implementation of Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) in the Assessment of Pro-Environmental Tools Measurement Models for Engineering Students. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 12(4), 1632 – 1638. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.12.4.16724
Alshebami, A. S., Fazal, S. A., & Alzain, E. (2025). Nurturing entrepreneurial well-being and resilience through adaptability and positive reciprocity among micro and small enterprises. Discover Sustainability, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01722-8
Babiker, M., & Al Sarhani, Y. (2026). Challenges in Financing Small and Medium-Size Enterprises: A Case Study of Oman ORIX and Bank Muscat. Contributions to Finance and Accounting, Part F1647, 585 – 594. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-13485-1_52
Barot, T., Vaclavik, M., & Seberova, A. (2024). Particular Analysis of Regression Effect Sizes Applied on Big Data Set. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 910 LNNS, 203 – 209. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53552-9_18
Cai, Y. (2025). Unpacking the role of financial literacy in the debt-mental health nexus: evidence from China. Frontiers in Public Health, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1563297
Chandratreya, A. (2024). Innovative strategies for business resilience addressing vulnerabilities in a dynamic market. In The Future of Small Business in Industry 5.0. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-7362-0.ch015
Choudhari, A. A., Meshram, K. A., Das, N. J., Mahankal, M. D., Ghadage, A. H., & Shah, A. H. (2025). AI-Driven Financial Management for MSMEs: Transforming Decision-Making and Access to Finance in Developing Economies. Enterprise Development and Microfinance, 35(2), 74 – 90. https://doi.org/10.3362/edm.v35i2.560
Deepshikha, K., Gopal, M., & Verma, S. K. (2024). Banking on Growth The Role of Finance in Development. In Economic Perspectives: Navigating the Financial Landscape. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105033790292&partnerID=40&md5=1c4f79166c9f8070d94ff2c14ad94d99
Dou, Q., Chen, D., & Li, Z. (2025). Digital financial inclusion and SME market dynamics: an empirical analysis based on big data of business registrations in China. Applied Economics, 57(59), 10535 – 10551. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2024.2432650
Emiliano, M. B. G., Alejandra, L. M. I., & Rosario, L. S. J. (2025). Synergistic effect of workplace well-being and business growth on productivity; [Efecto sinérgico del bienestar laboral y el crecimiento empresarial en la productividad]. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 30(111), 1648 – 1662. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.30.111.25
Esomar, M. J. F., Sumiati, Wijayanti, R., & Aisjah, S. (2025). The Mediating Role of Financial Behavior on Financial Literacy/Inclusion, and Financial Well-being among SMEs Owners in Indonesian Marine and Fisheries Industry. Journal of Behavioral Science, 20(3), 106 – 119. https://doi.org/10.69523/tjbs.2025.287119
Gonzales, I., & Li, J. C.-H. (2024). What effect sizes should researchers report for multiple regression under non-normal data? Communications in Statistics: Simulation and Computation, 53(6), 2786 – 2804. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2022.2091778
Grishanova, S. V, Yakovenko, V. S., Skrebtsova, T. V, Demchenko, I. A., & Ponomarenko, M. V. (2022). Financial Inclusion and Digitalization. Advances in Science, Technology and Innovation, 323 – 327. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04289-8_55
Gupta, L., Shrivastav, R. K., Kumar, S., & Goel, R. (2025). Beyond Banking: The Future of Financial Inclusion and Economic Empowerment. Sustainable Finance, Part F5029, 77 – 97. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-01677-5_4
Hair, J., & Alamer, A. (2022). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in second language and education research: Guidelines using an applied example. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmal.2022.100027
Harahap, L. M., Situngkir, J., Wijaya, R. A., Simanungkalit, N. A., & Abdillah, A. I. (2025). Peran Peran UMKM dalam Mendorong Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia. PESTEL?: Management and Marketing Journal, 1(1), 16–21. https://doi.org/https://ejournal.cendekiainsight.com/index.php/PESTEL
Hawach, F., & Requejo, I. (2025). Financial distress likelihood of European SMEs in times of economic policy uncertainty: The role of family ownership and performance aspirations. International Review of Financial Analysis, 105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104418
Hehanussa, S. J., & Istia, M. D. (2023). Models and Strategies for Digital SMEs Development in Ambon City. International Journal of Scientific Multidisciplinary Research (IJSMR), 1(10), 1281–1292. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55927/ijsmr.v1i10.6802
Huong, D. T., & Anh, N. T. (2024). Factors affecting access to finance for small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises in Vietnam. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 14(6), 437 – 455. https://doi.org/10.55493/5002.v14i6.5079
Ismail, N., Muhammad, N. M. N., Wan Husin, W. Z., & Ab Halim, A. I. (2020). The mediating effect of representativeness heuristic on neurofinance and sme’s financial decision making. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 9, 2157 – 2167. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2020.09.255
Ismanto, H., Atmaji, & Suhari, E. (2024). Determinants of MSME s ’ credit access?: Evidence from Indonesian banks. Banks and Bank Systems, 19(3), 230–241. https://doi.org/10.21511/bbs.19(3).2024.19
Jha, S., Vyas, V., & Acharya, P. (2015). Financial feasibility analysis of potential projects of Indian SMEs using DEMATEL. International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 14(3), 199 – 213. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMED.2015.073441
Kapoor, R., Kamra, V., & Khurana, P. (2024). Impact of Emotional Well-being on Job Performance: A Study Based on Service Sector Professionals. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review, 44, 173 – 184. https://doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2024.v44spl.015
Kataria, H., & Anil. (2026). Untangling the Relationship Between the Emotional Intelligence (EI) and Financial Decision-Making of Investors. In Behavioral Finance: Strategies for Informed Decision-Making. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105035956249&partnerID=40&md5=6b98ea414410344e0b59d43a04bf6fe6
Kawate, M., Wu, Y., Shinohara, Y., Takaoka, S., Tanaka, C., Kosugi, S., & Wakaizumi, K. (2025). Reliability and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Multidimensional Evaluation Scale for Patient Impression Change (MPIC): A Brief Tool for Multidimensional Assessment in Interdisciplinary Pain Management. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14196851
Khameswara, S., Pratama, R., Mulyadi, V. M., & Utama Chandra, Y. (2023). Analysis of Intention to Use Factors using Quick Response Code Indonesia Standard (QRIS) in Indonesia. ICCoSITE 2023 - International Conference on Computer Science, Information Technology and Engineering: Digital Transformation Strategy in Facing the VUCA and TUNA Era, 903 – 908. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCoSITE57641.2023.10127840
Khan, F., Siddiqui, M. A., & Imtiaz, S. (2022). Cogent Business & Management Role of financial literacy in achieving financial inclusion: A review , synthesis and research agenda Role of financial literacy in achieving financial inclusion?: A review , synthesis and research agenda. Cogent Business & Management, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2034236
Kurniasari, F., Abd Hamid, N., & Lestari, E. D. (2025). Unraveling the impact of financial literacy, financial technology adoption, and access to finance on small medium enterprises business performance and sustainability: a serial mediation model. Cogent Business and Management, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2025.2487837
Kuswoyo, D. A., Stephen, Gunawan, I. P., & Cassandra, C. (2024). The Influence of QRIS Payment Method Usage and Effectiveness Level on Small and Medium Enterprise (SME). ICECOS 2024 - 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Proceeding, 228 – 233. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECOS63900.2024.10791218
Lembong, H. S., Tundu, A. K., Anwar, S., Syaiful, M., Febrina, I., & Sudarmanto, E. (2025). Impact of Financial Technology Utilization , Working Capital Management , and Financial Resilience on MSME Sustainability During Uncertainty Economy. International Journal of Business, Law, and Education, 6(2), 1275–1285.
Lentner, C., Tóth, R., Kása, R., & Nagy, V. (2025). The impact of financial culture ON THE financing of SMEs in Hungary. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 22(2), 112 – 126. https://doi.org/10.21511/imfi.22(2).2025.10
Lestari, S., Indyastuti, D. L., Alhamidi, A. F., & Pariyanti, E. (2025). Employee Behavior, Emotional Factors, and Financial Performance: The Moderating Role of Islamic Financial Literacy among Indonesian MSMEs. Journal of Behavioral Science, 20(2), 15 – 29. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105009361994&partnerID=40&md5=e7c6676fc7a6fd489a5c0e96bfd1db52
Lestari, S., Indyastuti, D. L., & Setyanto, R. P. (2025). Uncovering the Impact of Financial Anxiety on Emotional Exhaustion and Financial Performance of MSMEs and the Role of Islamic Financial Literacy: Implementation of the Third Sustainable Development Goal of the United Nations. E3S Web of Conferences, 609. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202560905009
Malapane, T. A., & Ndlovu, N. K. (2024). Assessing the Reliability of Likert Scale Statements in an E-Commerce Quantitative Study: A Cronbach Alpha Analysis Using SPSS Statistics. 2024 Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium, SIEDS 2024, 90 – 95. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIEDS61124.2024.10534753
Marcelin, I., & Sun, W. (2025). Financial inclusion, inequality, and retirement trends among older workers. Global Finance Journal, 66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101121
Marsiwi, D., & Winanto, A. R. (2024). Financial Management Model and Increasing the Independence of UMKM in Ponorogo. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Digital (MINISTAL), 3(1), 189–200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55927/ministal.v3i1.7744
Martino, R., & Ventre, V. (2023). Analysis of aggregation between the components of financial literacy through inconsistency in intertemporal choices. Soft Computing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-023-09445-6
Mehdi, S. A., & Singh, L. B. (2025). Effect of entrepreneurial fear of failure: a moderated mediation model of resilience and emotion regulation. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 17(5), 1109 – 1134. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-08-2024-0325
Meyer, D. F., & Meyer, N. (2017). Management of small and medium enterprise (SME) development: An analysis of stumbling blocks in a developing region; [Zarz?dzanie rozwojem ma?ych i ?resnich przedsi?biorstw (M?P): analiza ogranicze? w regionie rozwijaj?cym si?]. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 16(1), 127 – 141. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2017.16.1.11
Mohanty, P. (2025). Business Resilience. In International Encyclopedia of Business Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-13701-3.00288-7
Murugan, M., Prabadevi, M. N., & Sasirekha, V. (2025). Emotional Contagion and Organizational Performance in MSMEs: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach. International Journal of Accounting and Economics Studies, 12(sI-1), 377 – 384. https://doi.org/10.14419/2pmyr323
Napitupulu, H. L., & Sembiring, N. (2023). Quality improvement of small and home industry products in the processed food subsector. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2741(1). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0145974
Odeta, F., Augusto, P. D., Lie, K. G., Gui, A., Shaharudin, M. S., & Ganesan, Y. (2023). Analysis of Factors that Affect Users of Quick Response Indonesia Standard. 2023 IEEE International Conference of Computer Science and Information Technology: The Role of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Human and Computer Interactions in the Industrial Era 5.0, ICOSNIKOM 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICoSNIKOM60230.2023.10364457
Özye?il, M., Tembelo, H., & Çikrikçi, M. (2024). The Mediating Role of Resilience in the Relationship Between Financial Well-Being and Future Financial Situation Expectations, Psychological Well-Being, and Future Anxiety. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 550, 129 – 146. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-66218-8_10
Pattipeilohy, P. F. V, Thenu, S. F. W., Matitaputty, I. T., & Girsang, W. (2024). Financial Literacy And Inclusion Of Farmers And Fishermen?: A Case Study In Tawiri Village And Dusun Seri Ambon City Island , Maluku Indonesia. Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies, 4(10), 9791–9808.
Patty, M. R., & Rumtutuly, H. H. (2024). Peran moderasi literasi keuangan dalam hubungan antara adopsi fintech dan kinerja keuangan UMKM di kota Ambon. Jurnal Indovisi, 6(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32698/1907808 Contents
Perdana, B. S., Ma’shum, A. M. M. H., & Susminingsih, S. (2024). Evaluation of the effectiveness of the ‘3-in-1’ financial reporting model in supporting the sustainability of MSMEs. Accounting and Financial Control, 5(1), 16 – 28. https://doi.org/10.21511/afc.05(1).2024.02
Pomeroy, R., Arango, C., Lomboy, C. G., & Box, S. (2020). Financial inclusion to build economic resilience in small-scale fisheries. Marine Policy, 118, 103982. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103982
Pratama, R., Sumiati, Wijayanti, R., & Indrawati, N. K. (2026). Behavior-First finance: Reframing digital literacy and self-efficacy as drivers of MSME well-being. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 8(7). https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2026430
Rafinda, A., Suroso, A., Purwaningtyas, P., & Mubaroq, A. C. (2024). Bias In Sme Investment Decisions: A Cross-Country Study; [Stronniczo?? W Decyzjach Inwestycyjnych M?p: Badanie Mi?dzykrajowe]. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 30(1), 289 – 303. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2024.30.1.17
Rahadjeng, E. R., Pratikto, H., Mukhlis, I., Restuningdiah, N., & Mala, I. K. (2023). The impact of financial literacy, financial technology, and financial inclusion on SME business performance in Malang Raya, Indonesia. Journal of Social Economics Research, 10(4), 146 – 160. https://doi.org/10.18488/35.v10i4.3509
Ravikumar, T., Sriram, M., Kannan, N., Elias, I., & Seshadri, V. (2022). Relationship between financial stress and financial well-being of micro and small business owners: Evidence from India. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 20(4), 306 – 319. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(4).2022.23
Rehatta, P. N. R., & Rumtutuly, H. H. (2026). The Role of Pela Gandong Local Wisdom in Strengthening Human Capital and the Financial Performance of MSMEs in Maluku. MAMEN (Jurnal Manajemen), 5(2), 334–346. https://doi.org/10.55123/mamen.v5i2.7813
Roemer, E., Schuberth, F., & Henseler, J. (2021). HTMT2–an improved criterion for assessing discriminant validity in structural equation modeling. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 121(12), 2637 – 2650. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-02-2021-0082
Rohaeni, N., Meutia, Indriana, I., & Januarsi, Y. (2025). Digital Financial Literacy and Technology Adoption for Strengthening Financial Inclusion and MSMEs’ Performance in Banten, Indonesia; [Alfabetización Financiera Digital y Adopción de Tecnología para Fortalecer la Inclusión Financiera y el Desempeño de las MIPYMEs en Banten, Indonesia]. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnologia, 5. https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt20252227
Rumtutuly, H. H. (2025). Pengaruh Moderasi Literasi Keuangan?: Kecemasan Finansial Terhadap Perilaku Konsumtif. Al-Zayn: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum, 3(5), 5908–5916. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.61104/alz.v3i5.2195
Rumtutuly, H. H., & Atahau, A. D. R. (2023). Credit Decision Using Pay Later?: The Role of Consumptive Behavior and Financial Literacy with Peer Pressure and Self-Control as Moderators. AFRE Accounting and Financial Review, 6(3), 394–404. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.26905/afr.v6i3.11488
Rumtutuly, H. H., Metekohy, V. T., Limba, P. R., & Leasa, S. H. (2025). Transformasi digital terintegrasi sebagai penggerak keunggulan kompetitif UMKM. Jurnal Indovisi, 7(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32698/19071608 Contents
Sari, N., & Jais, S. (2025). Validity and reliability test for assessing the bleeding factor in breast cancer wounds. Malahayati International Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 07(12), 1522–1531. https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.33024/minh.v7i12.645
Scott-Joseph, A. (2023). Too Small to See but Too Painful to Ignore: Regulatory Solutions to Sudden Stop in Cash Flow in MSMEs Caused by the COVID-19. In Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Covid-19 and the Caribbean: Volume 1: The State, Economy and Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30889-5_19
Serna-Zuluaga, J. C., Juárez-Varón, D., Mengual-Recuerda, A., & Medina-López, A. (2024). Analysis of the influence of emotions on the decision-making of entrepreneurs using neurotechnologies. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 20(3), 2169 – 2186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-024-00960-y
Shcherban, T., Bretsko, I., Korolovych, O., Shtykh, I., & Havrylets, O. (2025). Psychology of Risk in Economic Decision-Making Under Martial Law: Evidence from Ukraine. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 31(3), 337 – 363. https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2024-0053
Snellman, K., & Hakala, H. (2020). Emotion as an ethical compass in strategic sustainability decisions. In Sustainable Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: Frontiers in European Entrepreneurship Research. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839109690.00011
Subedi, D. P., & Bhandari, D. R. (2024). Impact Of Psychological Factors On Investment Decisions In Nepalese Share Market: A Mediating Role Of Financial Literacy. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 21(3), 317 – 329. https://doi.org/10.21511/imfi.21(3).2024.26
Thangaraj, R., Suhashini, J., Nagouda, S. S., Smitha, S., & Muthulakshmi, P. (2025). Role of financial stress in the financial well-being of small business owners. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 8(9). https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2025265
Thirumalaisamy, R., & Magd, H. (2024). Resilience and Recovery: A Strategic Blueprint for Financial Sustainability in Oman Amidst COVID-19 Disruptions. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 536, 539 – 552. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63402-4_46
Toni, N., Theng, B. P., & Calen. (2024). Investigating the effect of financial literacy and financial inclusion on operational and sustainable supply chain performance of SMEs. Uncertain Supply Chain Management, 12(1), 573 – 582. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.uscm.2023.8.014
Turco, E., Robba, M., & Iannello, P. (2023). The Multidimensional Financial Literacy Scale: Proposal of a new tool for measuring financial literacy; [La Multidimensional Financial Literacy Scale: proposta di un nuovo strumento per la misurazione della financial literacy]. Ricerche Di Psicologia, 46(3), 63 – 88. https://doi.org/10.3280/rip2023oa18192
Wen, Z., Wang, Y., Ma, P., & Meng, J. (2024). The influence relationship among variables and types of multiple influence factors working together. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(10), 1462 – 1470. https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1041.2024.01462
Whajah, A., & Adenutsi, D. E. (2024). Financial Literacy and Performance of Small and Medium-ScaleEnterprises in Ghana: Exploring the Interplay of Financial Risk Attitude and Access to Finance. African Journal of Business and Economic Research, 19(1), 439 – 461. https://doi.org/10.31920/1750-4562/2024/v19n1a20
Widjayanti, C. E., Adawiyah, W. R., & Sudarto. (2025). Financial literacy innovation is mediated by financial attitudes and lifestyles on financial behavior in MSME players. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-025-00525-5
Zaleskiewicz, T., & Traczyk, J. (2020). Emotions and Financial Decision Making. In Psychological Perspectives on Financial Decision Making. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45500-2_6
Bila bermanfaat silahkan share artikel ini
Berikan Komentar Anda terhadap artikel Financial Inclusion, Literacy, and SME Resilience: Emotional Well-Being Mediation
ARTICLE HISTORY
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2026 Hansen Hein Rumtutuly, Martha Racwel Patty
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (Refer to The Effect of Open Access).
